MILITARY DOCTRINE AND TECHNICAL-MILITARY COOPERATION AS DRIVERS OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN DEFENSE: STRATEGIC LESSONS FROM SOUTH AMERICA APPLIED TO THE ECUADORIAN CONTEXT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56238/revgeov16n5-022Keywords:
Military Doctrine, Technical-Military Cooperation, Defense Industry, Adaptive Doctrine, Military InteroperabilityAbstract
The new contexts in the fields of defense demand flexible strategies and policies that enable adaptation and immediate responsiveness in crisis scenarios. This research focuses on analyzing doctrine as a regulatory category within technical military cooperation processes and how this relationship shapes policy progress and the development of defense industrial capacities in South America. Through a theoretical qualitative approach, based on a descriptive analytical and comparative document analysis, 23 academic articles and official documents were examined, highlighting doctrinal experiences, cooperation initiatives, and policy implementations aimed at strengthening the regional defense industrial base. The results reveal the need to transform doctrine, consolidate its adaptive nature, and foster the emergence of technical military cooperation programs as key pillars for the technological advancement of States. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the necessity of reformulating Ecuador’s defense doctrine to integrate national capabilities, reinforce technical ties with regional strategic partners, and promote a civil – military technological innovation ecosystem.
Downloads
References
ALBANO, Marcello Alano de Carvalho. Processos de obtenção de tecnologia militar: o caso da Marinha do Brasil. Revista da Escola de Guerra Naval, Rio de Janeiro, v. 23, n. 1, p. 75–109, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21544/1809-3191.v23n1.p75-109.
ANDRADE, Iván. Doctrina y estructura militar ecuatoriana: Una mirada a los procesos de transformación institucional. Revista Científica General José María Córdova, Bogotá, v. 18, n. 28, p. 129–152, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.637.
BITZINGER, Richard A. Modernizing China’s Military: Progress, Problems, and Prospects. Newport: Naval War College Press, 2006.
BITZINGER, Richard A. The globalization of the arms industry: The next proliferation challenge. International Security, Cambridge, v. 19, n. 2, p. 170–198, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2539199.
BOSENBERG LÓPEZ, Raúl H. La presencia militar alemana en Colombia: 1929–1940. Revista Historia y Sociedad, Medellín, n. 38, p. 1–29, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/hys.n38.87366.
CARDONA, Andrés Felipe. Colombian military doctrine in officers’ practices during the internal armed conflict. Revista de Ciencia Política, Santiago, v. 41, n. 2, p. 235–254, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2021000200235.
CHEUNG, Tai Ming. A conceptual framework of defence innovation: Systemic and evidence-based understanding. Journal of Strategic Studies, Abingdon, v. 44, n. 4, p. 453–485, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2021.1937246.
COLÔMBIA. Ministério da Defesa Nacional. La asistencia militar colombiana en el exterior: perspectivas y retos para la política exterior y de defensa. Bogotá: Dirección de Estudios Estratégicos, Subdirección de Prospectiva Estratégica, Imprenta Nacional, 2021.
IONESCU, Clara. La cooperación técnico-militar entre Brasil y Rusia: ¿una relación estratégica en construcción? Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, Brasília, v. 62, n. 1, p. e002, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329201900102.
JOHNSON, James. The rise of military AI: implications for strategic stability and nuclear risk. The RUSI Journal, [S.l.], v. 166, n. 5-6, p. 66–78, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2021.1977046. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2021.1977046. Acesso em: 29 jul. 2025.
KURYLO, Anna. Comparative analysis of U.S., Russian and Chinese military cooperation with Latin America and the Caribbean. Connections: The Quarterly Journal, Sofia, v. 21, n. 4, p. 81–100, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11610/Connections.21.4.05.
LEAL BUITRAGO, Francisco. La doctrina de seguridad nacional: materialización de la Guerra Fría en América del Sur. Revista de Estudios Sociales, Bogotá, n. 15, p. 74–87, jul. 2003.
MAGNANI, Eduardo M. Políticas de defensa en América del Sur en el siglo XXI. Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional, San Sebastián, v. 2, n. 2, p. 111–130, jul./dez. 2016.
MALAFAIA, Thiago. Military modernization in Brazil: Doctrinal change and practical implementation. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, Brasília, v. 64, n. 2, e008, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329202100208.
MIJARES, Víctor; GONZÁLEZ, Arlene Beth. Colombian military transformation: From counter-insurgency to full-spectrum operations. Revista de Ciencia Política, Santiago, v. 41, n. 2, p. 255–278, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2021000200255.
PIEDRAHITA, Jorge Iván; TORRES, Luis Fernando. La doctrina militar: una perspectiva sociológica. Revista Científica General José María Córdova, Bogotá, v. 17, n. 27, p. 185–203, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.502.
REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA. Ministerio de Defensa. Investigaciones militares de doctrina conjunta: Experiencias de la República Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Viceministerio de Asuntos Militares y Cuerpo Permanente de Doctrina Conjunta, 2020.
ROBLEDO, Hugo; VERDES, Sebastián. Militarización, militarismo y democracia. Reflexiones sobre el lugar de las Fuerzas Armadas en América Latina. Revista Relaciones Internacionales, Buenos Aires, n. 57, p. 117–138, 2021.
SALA, Javier. Las ideas externas en las doctrinas militares latinoamericanas de la Guerra Fría. Quinto Sol, Santa Rosa, v. 17, n. 2, p. 1–26, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19137/qs.v17i2.146.
SANTOS, Raphael Augusto dos; OLIVEIRA, Pedro Henrique Dias de. Transferência de tecnologia em projetos militares: uma análise das experiências brasileiras. Revista de Sociologia e Política, Curitiba, v. 28, n. 74, e0008, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-98732028740008.
SOPRANO, Germán. El conflicto de límites con Chile y las operaciones militares de las Fuerzas Armadas argentinas en 1978. Revista de Historia Militar, Madrid, n. 122, p. 55–90, 2017.
UGARTE, José Manuel. Relaciones civiles-militares en América Latina: convergencias y divergencias en el siglo XXI. Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional, San Sebastián, v. 3, n. 1, p. 73–89, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18847/1.5.7.
VITELLI, Santiago. Civil-military relations and military missions in contemporary Latin America. Revista de Ciencia Política, Santiago, v. 41, n. 2, p. 315–337, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2021000200315.