EFICIENCIA E IMPACTOS AMBIENTALES DE LA MITIGACIÓN DE INCENDIOS FORESTALES: UNA REVISIÓN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56238/revgeov16n4-086Palabras clave:
Prevención de Incendios, Estructuras de Contención, Barreras Vegetales, Servicios EcosistémicosResumen
Los incendios forestales representan una amenaza creciente a escala global, intensificada por las influencias antropogénicas y el cambio climático. En este contexto, los cortafuegos son estrategias importantes para la prevención y el manejo de incendios, actuando como barreras físicas capaces de detener o reducir su propagación. Este estudio realizó una revisión sistemática, utilizando la metodología PRISMA, de artículos científicos publicados hasta diciembre de 2024, para identificar las características, la efectividad y los impactos ecológicos y ambientales asociados con la implementación de cortafuegos en situaciones reales de incendio. El análisis reveló dos tipos principales: cortafuegos convencionales y cortafuegos verdes. Los primeros promueven la eliminación parcial o total de la vegetación superficial, reduciendo la carga de biomasa combustible y siendo efectivos en condiciones de fuego de baja intensidad y clima favorable. Sin embargo, requieren un mantenimiento continuo y pueden intensificar los procesos de degradación del suelo, como la erosión y la proliferación de especies invasoras. Los cortafuegos verdes, a su vez, están compuestos por especies vegetales con baja inflamabilidad, alto contenido de humedad y plasticidad, organizadas en estructuras multiestructuradas que dificultan la propagación del fuego horizontal y verticalmente. Dada la creciente frecuencia e intensidad de los incendios, comprender las implicaciones ecológicas y la eficiencia funcional de cada tipo de cortafuegos es esencial para fundamentar las decisiones sobre su aplicación en diferentes contextos socioambientales, contribuyendo así a estrategias preventivas más sostenibles y adaptadas a las particularidades de los territorios.
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